Rabu, 15 Februari 2012

PREPOSITION IN,ON,AND IT

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:
  • at for a PRECISE TIME
  • in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
  • on for DAYS and DATES
at in on
PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES
at 3 o’clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the moment in the past/future on New Year’s Eve
Look at these examples:
  • I have a meeting at 9am.
  • The shop closes at midnight.
  • Jane went home at lunchtime.
  • In England, it often snows in December.
  • Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
  • There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
  • Do you work on Mondays?
  • Her birthday is on 20 November.
  • Where will you be on New Year’s Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression Example
at night The stars shine at night.
at the weekend I don’t usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
at present He’s not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
in on
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the mornings on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s) on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
  • I went to London last June. (not in last June)
  • He’s coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
  • I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
  • We’ll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

Useful Vocabulary – click on a room to find out more
 Pronunciation Click here
  
Build Up
Other Rooms
Attic People store things in the attic.
Ballroom A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room A small room used for storage.
Cellar Underneath the house.
Cloakroom A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room A room where people eat.
Drawing Room A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall The entrance passage to a house.
Larder A small room used for the storage of food.
Library A room where books are kept.
Lounge Another name for living room.
Music Room A room where people play music.
Office A room where people work.
Pantry A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room Another name for living room.
Spare Room/
Guest Room
A room where guests sleep.
Toilet A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.
Things you may find around the house
           
light bulb(s) plug(s) socket(s) torch(es)
          
ceiling light(s) lamp(s) curtain(s)  
          
  shelf (shelves) (tele)phone(s) box(es)
          
plug(s) battery (batteries) photo(graph)(s)  

Naturally Speaking
Click on the words to hear the pronunciation


Dialogue
Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.
It’s Saturday and Joan and Steve are decorating.
Joan Steve, you missed a bit.
Steve Where?
Joan Here, on the wall just by the window, you can see a patch of white.
Steve Oh yes, I see it. It’s difficult in this light.
Joan I know, well at least we have finished this room, only five more to go.
Steve Are you sure you want to put wallpaper up in the lounge?
Joan Yes, but don’t worry, I’m really good at wallpapering. I just wish that John would decide on what he wants his room doing in.
Steve I know, it’s difficult when you’re a boy. At least he’s grown out of Star Wars, I keep thinking he’ll ask for red and black or something equally gruesome.
Joan Yes, but it is his room. I’m glad we decided not to move though. Maybe we should think about building an extension to the kitchen instead.
Steve One thing at a time please! Lets get this decorating over and done with first.
Joan Ha! Oh by the way you missed a bit by the door too!
Steve Hmmm, thanks. Here’s a brush

PASSIVE VOICE

1. Simple present Active
passive
We



OB on RCTI
watched is watched OB on RCTI (by us) everyday. everyday.
2. Simple past Active
passive
Rita
A letter
wrote was written a letter by Rita yesterday. yesterday.
3. Simple Future Active
passive
My family



A villa
will rent will be rent a villa by my family for holiday. for holiday.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
  • the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
  • the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
  • the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
Examples:
My mother   makes   sandwich every morning.
Subject     verb1+s/es      O            C (adv. of time)
Sandwich is made  by my mother every morning.
Subject     to be+V3      Agent               C (adv. of time)
present continuous : [ S + to be + being +V3 (past participle) present perfect: [ S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)
present continuous Active Passive A young boy is catching a butterfly. A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
present perfect Active Passive Yano has returned the book to the library. The book has been returned to the library by Yano.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
  1. 1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
  2. 2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Examples: Active: John  is giving  his girl-friend a bunch of flower. indirect object      direct object
Passive: The indirect object as the subject John’s girl-friend     is being given         a bunch of flower.
Passive: The direct object as the subject A bunch of flower    is being given to John’s girl-f

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for..
These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…
Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English
1. What is this? This is a tableThis is a table
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Knight? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Johnny? He’s in the house.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious.
Information about company
What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?
Information about products
Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.
Information about Price
What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

OFFERING

The expression of “ Would you like….”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Dhina: Would you like a fried rice Yen?
Yensy : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm…that is my favourite food.
Zean : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of tea, Fivi?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. john?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don’t you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?Declining an offering
* No, thanks
.* No, really won’t, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I’d like it very much
* That would be very nice

SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple Future
A.Definition
Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be  done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on.If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now ( time past ) ,tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now
( time future).
B. Positive Tenses
Pattern :

  • S + will+ verb1+ O+ modifier
  • S + ( is,are.am ) + going + verb1+ O+ modifier
  • S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier
Example :
  • Farmers in Jati Bali will grow rice crops next month
  • Some students are going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester.
  • Transpiration will start to increase tomorrow morning.
C. Negative Tense
Pattern :
  • S + will + not + verb1+ O + modifier
  • S +{ ( is,are,am ) going to }+ not +verb1 + O + modifier
  • S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier
Example :
  • Farmers in Jati Bali will not grow rice crops next month
  • Transpiration will not start to increase tonight
  • He will not be very happy when he finds out.
D.Question
Pattern :
    • Will + S + verb1+ O + modifier
    • Will + S + { ( is,are,am ) going to }+ O + modifier
    • Will + S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier
Example :
      • Will farmers in Jati in Bali grow rice crops next month ?
      • Will transpiration start to increase tomorrow morning  ?
      • Will he be very happy when he finds out ?

NOUN PHRASES

Noun Phrase
A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.
For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example : Passing the exam watching TV

FINITE VERBS

Finite Verbs
A finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clouse must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like thanks for you help! Has an interjection where it could have a subject and a fibite verb form compare I appreciate your help!
A verb is a world that expression an occurrence, act, or made, of being, finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include the infinite
Participles (e.g, the broken window..!, The wheezing gentleman…”)
Gerunds and gerundives
English has three kinds of verbals : participles, which function as adjectives, which have noun-like, adjective –like, and adverb-like functions each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in farming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as gerunds and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example :
The Finite verbs are the under lived work
THE CROWN AND THE FOX
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese she picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it. (…)
Source : International Story

NEW ITEM

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:

  • Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
  • Generally using Simple Past Tense
  • Use of Material Processes to retell the event
  • Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
  • Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
  • Focus on Circumstances
  • Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
  1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
  2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
  3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
  4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
  5. Headlines are not always complete sentences

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .
* Textstructure:
- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or
 Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or Characteristic.
* Language figures:
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.
* Characteristic:
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.
* Grammatical features:
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups
EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT :
Bandengan Beach
Bandengan Beach or Tirta Samudra Beach is the famous beach in jepara. the place is very beautiful and romantic. people around Jepara, Kudus, Demak knows this place.
This place is located 7 kilometers north of Jepara city center. The way to get there is very easy. Just follow the traffic sign and you will find it. From the town square, follow the road to Bangsri then turn left when reached kuwasen village. You can take public transportation or by your own vehicle.
The white sandy beach which has pure water is good for swimming. The beach is save enough for swimming because the beach is shallow and the wave is not so big. This place is more beautiful at dusk. We can see the beautiful sunset with our family or friends.
In this location, we can sit and relax on the shelter while enjoy the natural beach breezy wind. It also has large pandan tree field. It is suitable for youngster activities such as camping.
If we want to sail, we can rent the traditional boat owned by local people. We can make voyage around the beach or we can go to pulau panjang (panjang island). Some time we can find banana boat and jet ski for rent.
In this place we can find many traditional footstalls. We can order traditional foods sold by the trader such as roasted fish, crab, boiled shell. Pindang srani is one of the delicious food enjoyed by the visitors.

DIRECT & INDRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).
We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.
For example:
Nicky said, “It’s hot”.
Or
“It’s hot,” Nicky said.
Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.
The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

▪         Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are: Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind
▪         Don’t forget to mention the indirect object. Father warned me not to drive fast.
For example:
Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple                                                                      Past simple
Vita said, “I eat fried rice.                              Vita said that she ate fried rice.
Past simple                                                                            Past Perfect
Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”.                           Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future simple Past Future
Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.
Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”.  Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.
Present continuous                                                             Past continuous
Gama said, “I am playing football”.                                        Gama said he was playing football.
Past continuous                                                                   Past perfect continuous
She said, “I was teaching earlier.”                                        She said she had been teaching earlier.
▪         When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.
Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.
▪         When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.
Example: She will tell you
She says                       (that) she doesn’t know.
She has just said
In time expressions and pronouns
Direct speech Indirect speech
Now Today/tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last week
Next week
Ago
Then That day/that night
The day before/the previous day
The next/following day
The previous week
The following week/the week after
Before
This/these Here
Pronouns
That/those There
They change according to the context
Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.
Type Form Examples
Yes-No questions Ask                    +  if/whether  +  subject  +  verb Wonder etc. “Do you speak English?” - He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions Ask                    +  question word + subject +  verb Wonder etc. “What are you watching?" - she asked w

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals In The Past Form
Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall
*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Dhina : I’m having trouble with math.
Rizki : Why don’t you ask Nuri ?
Perhaps she could help you.
*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.
Example :
Helda : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home.
Fany : He might get a flat time.
*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Yoan : What did you usually do on holidays ?
Lia : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.
*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Mrs. Lady : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Nita : No, Not at all.
*Should + Verb base
Example :
Nisa : Ima , you should go to library now ?
Ima : O.k.

NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative Text
Someone tells a narrative text in order to entertain, stimulate emotion or to teach.
A narrative text has three elements or parts :
1. The orientation introduces main characters in a setting of place and time. It tells about : the story’s setting , the time when the story happens, and the main characters of the story.
2. The complications tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them. Series of events ( It includes situations, activities, or events that lead to the climax or complication. )
3. The Resolution tells the ending of the story (The complication or problem is solved here. It shows the end of the story, usually a happy ending ).
A narrative text uses the simple past tense.
EXAMPLE :

The Prince and Princess

There once was a prince who wanted to marry a princess, but it had to be a real princess. So he went all over the world looking for a real princess. Everywhere he met young ladies who told him they were real princesses, but he could never be completely sure that this was true. There was always something about them that did not seem quite right. And so, after along time, the prince went back home to his parents and was very sad.
One evening there was a terrible storm. It rained heavily and there was thunder and lightning in the sky above the royal castle. Then there was a knock at the castle gate. The old king went out to see who it could be.
A princess was standing outside the gate. The rain ran down over her hair and clothes and into her shoes. She told the king that she was a real princess, and he asked her to come inside.
“Well, said the old queen. We’ll soon find out if that is true. She went into the guest bedroom and took the mattress and blanket off the bed. Then she put a little green pea on the bed. She put twenty mattress on top of the pea, and then twenty blankets on top of the mattress. This was where the princess was going to spend the night.
The next morning the queen asked the princess how she had slept.
“Oh, it was terrible!” answered the princess. “I didn’t close my eyes all night. I don’t know what was in my bed, but I lay on something hard, and now I am black and blue all over. It was quite a terrible night”
Now, the king, the queen and the prince could be sure that this was a real princess! She had felt the little pea through twenty mattresses and twenty blankets. Only a real princess will be able to do that!
So the prince married the princess, and the pea was put in a museum for everyone to see. And, unless someone has taken it, it is still there today.

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for..
These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…
Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English
1. What is this? This is a tableThis is a table
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Knight? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Johnny? He’s in the house.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious.
Information about company
What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?
Information about products
Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.
Information about Price
What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

INVITATIONS (Written)

INVITATIONS
Most spore invitation are in the farm of question they often begin with will,would,would you like to,would you care to,etc
Offerins invitation
->Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
->Will you join us?
->Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
->Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
->I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?
Accepting invitation
->Yes,I’d love very much.
->Thank you.
->Yes,with pleasure.
Reffusing
->If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.
->Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.
->I have got another appointment.
->I’m sorry.
->I’ve lost to work to do.
EXAMPLE :
Invitation Verbal
Example:
We want to invite you to come to our house
Can you come to my restaurant?
Are you free tonight?
Accepting (menerima)
I like that
That sounds good
Thank you for inviting

Refusing(menolak)
I like that but I can’t
I’m very sorry for not able to come
Sorry, I’m very busy
Example invitation formal :
Example invitation formal :
 
Example informal :

SUPRISE & DISBLELIEFS

Suprise & Disbelief
A feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression  that we show/ say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe .Used to express something taht we cant or impossible.
To express surprise or disbelief:

  • What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
  • (Well), that’s very surprising!
  • Really?
  • What?
  • Are you serious? You must be joking!
  • You’re kidding!
  • Fancy that!
  • I must say … surprises me.
  • I  find that hard to believe.
Suprising  amazement of something :
  • Fantastic
  • It’s great
  • It’s terrific
  • Wonderful !
  • What a lovely flowers !
Example of expressing  surprise:
A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.
Example of expressing  surprise:
A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true.

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
¨      Do you know what?
¨      Believe it or not?
¨      You may not believe it, but …
¨      Can you believe this?
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
¨      Really?
¨      Are you joking?
¨      Oh?
¨      Where? Show me.

GRATITUDE,COMPLEMENT & CONGRATULATIONS

a. Congratulations is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Some expressions of congratulations:
· Congratulations!
· Congratulations on your success!
· I must congratulate you.
· Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!
· Please accept my warmest congratulations.
· I’d like to be the first to congratulate you.
Expression of congratulations in special events:
· Happy birthday!
· Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
· Merry Christmas!
· Happy New Year!
· Happy Valentine!
· Happy anniversary!
b. Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
· On his/her general appearance
· If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
· When you visit someone’s house for the first time
· When other people do their best
Some expressions of compliment:
· What a nice dress!
· You look great.
· You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
· I really must express my admiration for your dance.
· Good grades!
· Excellent!
· Nice work!
· Good job!
c. Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Some expression of gratitude:
· Thank you very much
· Thank you for your help
· I’m really very grateful to you
· You’re welcome
· Don’t mention it
· It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
· I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
· I am grateful to your help
Responding gratitude:
· It was the least I could do.
· You’re welcome
· No big deal.
· Don’t mention it.
· It’s a pleasure.
· That’s alright.
· Any time.

SYMPATHY EXPREESION

 
sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and soprow when we know and see someone
 or
        people are unlucky or have trouble an in bad condition the purpose of sympathy expressions are :
        *people will be happy.
        *people will know if we care with them.
        how can we give sympathy expression to some one ???
        we express it directly to him / her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service
       [sms] , e-mail , television , radio , and newspaper. if she / he who got the trouble is far from us.
the expressions of sympathy can be into parts :
they are :
informal expression of sympathy are :
·         oh , that’s bad luck.
·         how trible / anful for you !
               .   how
 sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and soprow when we know and see someone
 or
        people are unlucky or have trouble an in bad condition the purpose of sympathy expressions are :
        *people will be happy.
        *people will know if we care with them.
        how can we give sympathy expression to some one ???
        we express it directly to him / her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service
       [sms] , e-mail , television , radio , and newspaper. if she / he who got the trouble is far from us.
the expressions of sympathy can be into parts :
they are :
informal expression of sympathy are :
·         oh , that’s bad luck.
·         how trible / anful for you !
 
 
 

ADUERTISEMENT

The definition of advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered of informed.
Function of advvertisiment :
-promotion
-communication
-information

In making advertisement , keep the following points :
1.languange of advertisement :
- using the correct or suitable words
-using the interesting and suggestive expressions
-text of advertisement should be directed to the
Goals.

2.Content of advertisement :
- family advertisement
- invitation advertisement
- sponsored advertisement
- requested advertisement
Kind of advertisement :
- Family advertisement .
- Invitation advertisement.
- Sponsored advertisement.
- Requested advertisement.
- News advertisement.

Media of Advertisement :
- By television.
- By radio.
- Billboard.
- Leaflet.
- Pamflet.

PERPECT TENSE

A.Present Ferfect Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan, peristiwa, kejadian yang terjadi, pada waktu lampau dan masih ada hubungannya dengan sekarang atau untuk menunjukkan suatu peristiwa yang selesai pada waktu yang singkat (baru selesai).
Formula:
A) S + Have/has + been + …
B) S + have/has + V₃ + …
Pattern B:
Affirmative (+) : S + have/has + V₃
Negative (-) : S + have/has + not + V₃
Introgative (?) : have/has + S + V₃
Example :
(+) I have seen Linda
(-) I haven’t seen Linda
(?) Have you seen Linda?
Pemakaian already (sudah), just (baru saja), ever (pernah), never (tak pernah), since (sejak), for (lama).
Example :
We have already decided to go
She has just come in
I have ever seen the film

B. Past Perfect Tense
Untuk menerangkan kegiatan/peristiwa yang telah terjadi pada waktu lampau.
Formula 1: S + had + V₃ + O (+)
Ex: They had visited Paris by the end of the month
Formula 2: S + hadn’t + V₃ + O (-)
Ex: They hadn’t visited Paris by the end of the month
Formula 3: Had + S + V₃ + O (?)
Ex: Had they visited Paris by the end of the month?

C. Past Perfect Continous Tense
Untuk menerangkan hal yang sudah terjadi dan masih berlangsung pada masa lampau.
Pattern (+) :
S + had + been + invinitife + ing + O
Ex : I had been sitting until midnight
Pattern (-) :
S + had not /hadn’t been + infinitife + ing + O
Ex : I hadn’t been sitting until midnight
Pattern (?) :
Had + S + been + infinitife + ing + O
Ex : Had you been reading before you went to bed?
D. Future Perfect Tense
Untuk menerangkan hal yang akan telah terjadi atau dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang.
Pattern (+): S + shall/will + have + V₃ + O
Ex: You will have seen the film three times
Pattern (-): S + shall/will + not + have + V₃ + O
Ex: You will not have seen the film four times
Pattern (?): Shall/will + S + have + V₃ + O
Ex: Will the rain have stopped in a few minutes?

E. Future Perfect Continous Tense
Untuk menerangkan kegiatan/peristiwa yang sudah dan masih ada berlangsung pada waktu yang akan datang.
Pattern (+): S + shall/will + have been + infinitife + ing + O
Ex: By midnight the rain will have been falling four three hours.
Pattern (-): S + shaal/will + not + have been + infinitife + ing + O
Ex: By midnight the rain will not have been falling four three hours.
Pattern (?): shall/will + S + have been + infinitife + ing + O
Ex: Will he have been waiting half on our ?

F. Future Past Perfect Continous Tense
Untuk menerangkan hal yng akan telah sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
Pattern (+):
S + should/would + have been + invinitive + ing + O
Ex: By that time we should have been playing cards four three hours.
Pattern (?):
Should/would + S + have been + infinitive + ing + O
Ex: Would Paul have been studying four two hours at this time yesterday?
Pattern (-):
S + should/would + not + have been + infinitive + ing + O
Ex: By last Friday I should not have been salling for.

PRESENT TENSE

The simple present tense is used to discuss permanent situations and the frequency of events.
Regular or Permanent Situations:
When something happens regularly or is a permanent situation we usually use the simple present tense. When using the simple present the verb (with the exception of the auxiliary verbs) remains in the dictionary form (verb + S with he/she/it).

FREQUENCY:
The simple present tense is also used to show how often something happens with adverbs of frequency-always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally , seldom, rarely, never, etc. And when discussion daily, weekly, monthly, etc.
For examples:
“I always get up at 6.00”
“I never drinks coffee before 12.00”
“I work on my website every day”
We also use the simple present to ask for and give instructions or to discuss a series of actions.
Fajar : How do I make pancakes?
Dimas : Well, first you take 4 eggs and crack them into a bowl, then you weight out 4 oz. Of fluor and sieve it into the eggs, etc.
The simple present tense can also be used to discuss future event.
Simple present tense timeline:
For example:
Raka: “Where do you live?”
Anto:”I live in Germany”
2.Intan:”Where does he live?”
Lisa :”He lives in Germany”
3.Jaka :”What do you do?”
Joko :”I’m a teacher”
4.Chika:”What does he do?”
Cila :”He’s a teacher”

GREETINGS

We use greetings.
Greetings is something that you say or do when you meet someone.
Ex: The two man exchange greetings (said to each other).

When you see someone you know, you can great him/her by saying, “Hi, how are you?” or more formally by saying “Hello, how are you?” you usually answer by saying “Fine, thanks. And you?”.
You know asking “How are you?” is just a greetings. And do not answer this question by talking about your healt or any problems you might have, unless you are talking a good friend.
How do you greet other people:
Good morning/afternoon/evening/night
Hello, Karen
Hello, Adji
How are you?
How’s everything with you?
How’s life?
How are you getting along?
How are you doing?
Preety good, thanks
I’m well, thanks
Not bad, thanks, and you?
How do you introduce your self?
Let me introduce my self, My name is Putri
Hello, I’m Wilson
Hi, I’m Marta Yuliani. You can call me Marta
Hello, My name is Steven William
How do you introduce othet people?
I would like to introduce Ira
I would like you to meet Grace
Excuse me, let me introduce you a new friend. His name is Bagus Saputra
Sari this is Mela
I’m glad to meet you

How do you close or end your conversation?
Well, I should be going now
See you
I’m sorry,but I have to go now
It’s been nice talking with you. See you later
Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later

PAST TENSE

The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past of the curent moment (in a absolute tense system), or prior to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).
Patterns:
Using be : (subject + was/where + complement)
Using verb : (subject + Vpast + complement)
The function of the past tense:
To express that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. See the previous examples.
To describe a habit which stopped in the past. To make it clear that we are talking about a habbit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
I always say a night fare when I was a child.
Did you love flying kites when you were a kid?
To describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.
Examples:
Lisa was introvert as a child, but now she is extrovert.
Grandpa didn’t like coffe before.
The adverbs that are usually used in the past tense sentences are:
Yesterday
Last...
A week ago
This morning
Last week
… ago
A few minutes ago
Just now

PROCEDURE TEXT

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.
It explains how people perform different processes ia sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next,finally, etc.
Example:
First, wash some rice in cold water.
Seconds, put the rice with some water in a pot. Cooking rice.
After that, put the rice to the simmer an steam it for about 45 minutes. Now, the rice is ready to be served.
Well, to cook rice you will need some rice.

NARRATIVE

A narrative is a text that is aimed to entertain, amush, teach a lesson or moral, explain something or make a comment.
The narrative consists of:
Orientation : Introduces the participants and
the setting.
Complication : A crisis or problem arises
Resolution : The crisis or problem is solved.
Coda : A moral or a message.
The narrative text uses of temporal conjuction. Example: Once upon a time, before, after.
Example of narrative text are:
Fable : Mousedeer, crocodile
Legend: Danau Toba, Sangkuriang
Fairy tale : Cinderella, Mariposa, Snow White.
Purpose : Like myths and legend, short stories are narratives because they are concerned with falking about the events.
Other examples of narrative writing the are novels, cartoon strips, and picture books.

Function:
To entertain the reader
Stimulate emotion
To teach the reader

RECOUNT TEXT

Recount Text is report of event or activity in the past.
It’s to inform or to entertain veaders.
Structure of the Recount Text :
= orientation gives information about who, what, when, and there.
= refort of event or activity (in trologital) tells what happened in what sequence.
= re-orientation (optimal) show personal comments.

ANNOUNCEMENT

Announcement is something said written or printed to make know will happen.
In writing an announcement, keep the following points
The title/type of event
Date/time
Place
Contact person (optimal)

Example :
Announcement English speaking club
There will be a program to develop our speaking skils, next Sunday. We’ll practice guiding tourists in Borobudur temple. Please enroll soon since there are limited seats.
Departure time :08.00 a.m
Fee :Salma Nisa
Chiet :Nicolas Tamara

Characterristic of announcement :
-Use simple tense and simole ficture tense.

GIVING INTRUCTIONS

Giving instruction is an expression for give or ask somebody to do something we want.
Giving instruction some with imperative sentences.
Giving instruction statement can be use :
When people ask for unknown address
When demonstrate a recipe of food or drink
When ask somebody to do somethink that we want.
Example :
Tonia :Noel, come here, please
Noel :Ok, what’s up!
Tonia :Help me move the box, please
Noel :Sure….

Giving Instruction same with imperative sentence.
Giving Instruction are :
Command
*verb (+o)
Example :watch out, Come here
*please + V (+o)
Example :please clean your room
*verb (+o) + Please
Example :Wash this towel, please
Prohibition
*Don’t + V (+o)
Example :Don’t close it!
*Don’t + v (+o) + please
Example :Don’t be noise, Please!
*Would you mind not + V-ing (+o)
Example :Would you mind not reading my diary.
Kind of giving instruction :
*verb 1
Example :-wash your hand
-eat your meal
-sit down
*Be + adjective
Example :-Be your self
-Be a good student
-be strong
*Don’t + V-invinitife
Example :-Don’t armb!
-Don’t eat!
-Don’t approach!
*No + V-ing
Example :-No smooking!
-No swimming!
-No parking!

GINING ATTENTION

Gaining Attention is an expression that used to gain attention from someone.
The purpose of gaining attention is to find attention the other people, so the other people pay attention.
Expression :
Attention please!
Excuse me!
Look here!
May, can I have your Attention, please
Listen to me please….
Response :
Wow, really!
I’m listening!
Okay!
Example :
Attention
Tomorrow is the last day for you to join the SMADA Basket Ball Club
So…join now!!
Contact person :Brithney Hallen
To respond the expression about something that refers to gaining attention we can use:
I’m listening..
I’m ready to hear now..
Let’s hear it together..
Wow, that’s true….!
Wow, that’s great…!

HAPPINESS EXPRESSION

Happiness Expression is expression which used to express glad feeling to express happiness, we can use the following sentences.
Showing happiness expression
I’m very happy
I’m very pleased about
I really delighted about
Gread…
Terrific
Fantastic
Example :
Wika :”wow!! My score for math test is go! I’m
very happy”
Andy :”cool. I only get 75. I have to study card
to get good score like you” I’m happy

APPOINTMENT

Appointment is tell about agreement for meeting it is good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people.
Making an Appointment
I’d like to make an appointment with Kristian
I want to make an appointment to see…
I’d like you to come and see…
Can’t I come see you?
I’ll be there
What about….(thank you)
Accepting an Appointment
All right, see you there
No problem, I’m free on….(Thursday)
Be there on time
I’ll wait for you
It’s a deal
Changing an Appointment
What about…(Thursday at 04.00 p.m.)
Is that ok, if we meet at…
Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!
Could we change the schedule of the meeting?
Do you have another time this afternoon?
Canceling an Appointment
I’m terrible sorry I have to put off my appointment
I’m sorry, I’m very busy
I’m afraid I have to postpone my appointment with…(Dr.Stephen Tong) tomorrow morning

INVITATION


Invitation is given to others, to attend an ivent.

How invited someone :
  • I would like you too..
  • We would be pleased if you could..
  • Would you pleased attend my party tonight ?
EXAMPLE :
  • Would you mind coming to my party ?
How to accept an invitation :
  • Ok. ^.^
  • I would live too..
  • I will come.
  • Thank you. Yes, I would like too..
  • Yes, I would. Thanks.. :)
  • All right !!
  • That would be very nice. Thank you. :D
But, if you want to refuse / decline the invitation you can say .. like this.
  • I would love too, but..
  • That's very kind of you, but..
  • sorry, that wouldn't be possible. Thank anyway..
  • I'm afraid. I can't..
  • I can't for now because I'm very bussy.